Middle Pleistocene bifacial technology at Elandsfontein

Two aspects of Middle Pleistocene bifacial technology at Elandsfontein are investigated. First, shape variation in an existing collection from Elandsfontein is reviewed. The variability identified in this collection is considered in terms of: (i) where and how raw materials were procured, (ii) the strategies used to manufacture bifaces, and (iii) the ecological factors likely to be the impetus behind these two trends. Second a model is developed for identifying the traces of bifacial tool use with the aid of actualistic data produced for the purpose. Archaeological bone surface modifications are then considered in terms of: (A) which tools were used in specific localities at the site, and (B) what the likely ecological factors were driving the use of bifacial tools at Elandsfontein.

Both bifacial morphology and bifacial reduction intensity are considered in this study to be technological responses to various resource constraints faced by tool users. In addition, a range of explanations for the patterns identified in the data are discussed in the light of certain current perspectives on Middle Pleistocene hominid behaviour and land use. Archaeological and actualistic data together suggest bifacial tools were components of a reliable yet maintainable Middle Pleistocene toolkit. Bifaces afforded tool- using agents’ economic benefits, including long term efficiency gains relative to flake tools.